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Eston Hemings Jefferson (May 21, 1808 – January 3, 1856) was born a slave at Monticello, the youngest son of Sally Hemings, a mixed-race slave. Most historians who have considered the question believe that his father was Thomas Jefferson, the United States president.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account )〕 Evidence from a 1998 DNA test showed that a descendant of Eston matched the Jefferson male line, and historical evidence also supports the team's conclusion that Thomas Jefferson was probably Eston's father.〔 Many historians believe that Jefferson had a relationship with Sally Hemings and fathered her six children, four of whom survived to adulthood.〔http://www.monticello.org/slavery-at-monticello/enslaved-families-monticello/sally-hemings Sally Hennings, Smithsonian Institution〕 Jefferson freed Eston and his older brother Madison Hemings in his will, as they had not yet come of age at his death. They each married and lived with their families and mother Sally in Charlottesville, Virginia, until her death in 1835. Both brothers and their young families moved to Chillicothe, Ohio, to live in a free state, where Eston Hemings earned a living as a musician and entertainer. In 1852 Eston moved with his wife and three children to Madison, Wisconsin, where they changed their surname to Jefferson and entered the white community. Their sons both served in the Union Army, and the older one, John Wayles Jefferson, achieved the rank of colonel. He moved to Memphis, Tennessee, becoming a wealthy cotton broker and never married. Eston's other children, Beverly and Anna Jefferson, married into the white community, and their descendants have identified as white. Beverley Jefferson's five sons were educated and three entered the professional class as a physician, attorney, and manager at the railroad.〔 One of their male-line descendants was tested in the 1998 DNA study. == Early life == What is known of Eston's life is derived from his brother Madison's 1873 memoir, a few entries in ''Thomas Jefferson's Farm Book,'' a handful of contemporary newspaper accounts, various census and land/tax records, and the family history of his descendants.〔Helen F. M. Leary, "Sally Hemings's Children: A Genealogical Analysis of the Evidence", ''National Genealogical Society Quarterly'', Vol. 89, No. 3, September 2001, pp. 172–173〕 Eston was born into slavery as the youngest son of the slave Sally Hemings. As she was one of the six mixed-race children of Betty Hemings and John Wayles (Jefferson's father-in-law), she and her siblings were half-siblings to Jefferson's wife Martha Wayles and were three-quarters European in ancestry, as their mother had a white father. The historians Philip D. Morgan and Joshua D. Rothman have written about the numerous interracial relationships in the Wayles-Hemings-Jefferson families and the region, often with multiple generations repeating the pattern.〔Joshua D. Rothman, ''Notorious in the Neighborhood: Sex and Interracial Relationships Across the Color Line in Virginia, 1787-1861'', University of North Carolina Press, 2003〕 The large Hemings family, with Betty Hemings as matriarch, was at the top of the slave hierarchy at Monticello; its members working as domestic servants, chefs, craftsmen and artisans. Sally Hemings had light duties, and as children, Eston and his siblings "were permitted to stay about the 'great house', and only required to do such light work as going on errands."〔 Like their older brother Beverley, at age 14 Madison and Eston each began training in carpentry, under tutelage of their uncle John Hemmings, the master woodworker at Monticello.〔 All three brothers learned to play the violin (Jefferson also is known to have regularly played.) Madison and Eston were freed in 1826, in accordance with President Jefferson’s will. (Madison was 21; Eston was "given his time" and freed before he reached 21.) Additionally, Jefferson's will petitioned the legislature to allow the Hemingses to stay in Virginia after being freed, unlike most freed slaves.〔Gordon-Reed, Annette. ''Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy''. University of Virginia Press (April 1997). pp. 39–43. ISBN 0-8139-1698-4.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url = http://wiki.monticello.org/mediawiki/index.php/Jefferson%27s_Will )〕 In his 1873 memoir, Madison said the Hemings children were freed as a result of a promise Jefferson made to Sally Hemings prior to their return to the United States from France in 1789.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url = http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/cron/1873march.html )〕 After Jefferson's death, Sally Hemings was "given her time" by his daughter (who was also Sally's niece). The older woman lived freely with her two sons in Charlottesville. In the 1830 census, the census taker in Charlottesville classified all three Hemings as white, showing how others perceived them by appearance because of their overwhelming European ancestry.〔Annette Gordon-Reed, ''Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy'', Charlottesville, University of Virginia Press, 1997, p. 209〕 Sally was of three-quarters white ancestry. Her children were seven-eighths white and thus legally white under the Virginia law of the time. It was not until 1924 that Virginia passed the Racial Integrity Act, which classified anyone as black who had ''any'' known African ancestry, under the "one drop rule". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Eston Hemings」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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